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An Exhibit on Language

Words of the People

The Science Of Language Vol I (by F. Max Muller K. M.)
Selections from Chaucer's Canterbury Tal... (by Chaucer, Geoffrey)
The Tower of Babel, A Poetical Drama (by Alfred Austin)
National Symposium on Learning Disabilit... (by Department of Education)
The Principles of the International Phon... (by International Phonetic Association)
A Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian Lan... (by Hoernle, August Frederich Rudolf)
The Canterbury Tales (by Chaucer, Geoffrey)
Psychology and Pathology of Speech Devel... (by Conradi, Edward)

The Words of the People: An Exhibit on Language

From the oldest forms of writings with pictographs and Cuneiform in 3500 B.C. to the generation of the first alphabet; of all the strides that we have made in technology, Language has been the single most important "invention" since the dawn of man. In fact, language defies time. Language is the greatest man-made achievement. Tone, intonation, inflection, the tongue, the throat, the breath and the brain: all lifeforms have some form of communication. The proceeding Collections in "The Words of the People: An Exhibit on Language" includes the most significant books on the subject of language.

Language, Literature, Children's Literature, Hawaiiana, Poetry and more.

Language and Learning

The root of the word language comes from the Latin term lingua, meaning "tongue." This definition’s attention to the human tongue highlights this muscle as the primary tool used by the body to shape combinations of uttered sounds to form the words of a spoken language. However, we can examine how languages also have a life of their own beyond an individual body. The “Words of the People: An Exhibit on Language" illustrates how language can be studied through its human biological and cognitive properties, as well as through its temporal and relational nature.

Language depends upon social customs and the ability for other humans to learn and adapt to social stimuli. The Science of Language Volume I, details theories on how early humans created words through vocalizations with the speech organs such as the throat, nose, tongue, palate, teeth, and lips, producing thousands of sounds. However, a typical language group utilizes only a limited number of sounds, usually between 10 and 60, which are interpreted aurally (The Science of Language, Volume 1, K.M. Max Muller).

In The National Symposium on Learning Disabilities in English Language Learners, proffers that the capacity to learn a language is based on individual factors, such as neurobiology, and contextual factors, such as environmental and social support (U.S. Department of Education, The National Symposium on Learning Disabilities in English Language Learners, U.S. Department of Education). Edward Conradi, a Professor of Psychology, wrote a thesis titled Psychology and Pathology of Speech Development of the Child. In this work, Conradi details how the various sounds a child makes after birth becomes the foundation for learning his mother tongue (Conradi, Psychology and Pathology of Speech Development of the Child, Edward Conradi). Later, the author became the President of the Florida State College of Women, the first women’s college in the south approved by the Association of American Universities (“Edward Conradi,” World Heritage Encyclopedia). Perhaps it was through his studies in child psychology that Conradi believed all people should be given the opportunity to develop their language, and contribute to their culture and society.

Language Across Time

Writing allowed particular languages to be remembered for longer periods of time. The oldest writing is traced to the Sumerians, whose records go back to at least 3500 B.C. They used a form of picture writing that told a story or gave a message. The use of pictures as a writing style became so highly developed that it could express abstract ideas. Many present-day Asian countries such as China continue to use this form of writing (“Language,” World Heritage Encyclopedia and "The History of the Alphabet," World Heritage Encyclopedia).

However, alphabetic systems of writing differ from picture writing because they are not static. Alphabetic writing is comprised of symbols, such as letters of the alphabet, that represent a vocalized sound (“Language”). Alphabetic writing changes to reflect the evolution of spoken language (“Language,” World Heritage Encyclopedia and "Letter Alphabet," World Heritage Encyclopedia). The Canterbury Tales was told by storyteller and poet Geoffrey Chaucer is an example, The original writing of this work used different spellings, reflecting pronunciations of words according to the vernacular of Chaucer’s time. However, when the work was written in later editions, the spellings of words changed to reflect pronunciations during those times (The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer). The International Phonetic Association (IPA) has transcribed words in this book, using symbols to demarcate specific speech sounds. The Principles of the International Phonetic Association, 1912 chronicles the history of the IPA, creating a tool often used in dictionaries to assist readers in the pronunciation of words as they are spoken in their contexts (The Principles of the International Phonetic Association, International Phonetic Association).

The Great Vowel Shift

Before Modern English, there were "Old English" and Middle English." In 1550 A.D., a documented event called "The Great Vowel Shift occurred.

Language Families

The Tower of Babel: A Poetical Drama by Alfred Austin is a dramatization of a biblical story that tells us that all languages were at once one. However, a heavenly intervention confused people’s languages and scattered them around the world (Tower of Babel, Alfred Austin). Despite the differences of today, it is possible to examine the relationships between languages. One way to classify these relations are through the concept of language families, or a group of languages that are related through descent from a common ancestor, or proto-language. Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, or branches of the language family. For example, the Celtic, Germanic, Slavic, Romance and Indo-Iranian languages are phylogenetic units of the indo-European language family (“Tower of Babel,” World Heritage Encyclopedia).

Different languages can also transform one another when they come into contact. These are called "Sprachbund." The book, A Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian Languages, With Special Reference to the Eastern Hindi, Accompanied by a Language-Map and a Table of Alphabets details how the Indian Subcontinent is a Sprachbund, or "...a geographical region that has several languages that feature common linguistic structures due to language contact and not common origin..." (A Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian Languages, With Special Reference to the Eastern Hindi, Accompanied by a Language-Map and a Table of Alphabets, August Frederich Rudolf Hoernle). "Language Isolates" are languages that have no known relatives, such as the Basque language (“Basque Language,” World Heritage Encyclopedia). "Contact Languages" are created when languages that do not come from a single ancestor come into contact to create "mixed" or Creole languages (“Language,” World Heritage Encyclopedia). Hawaiian Pidgin, for instance, is an example of a Creole. Of note: Hawaiian Pidgin is the only known language in history to be created by children. On pineapple, coffee and sugar cane plantations in Hawaii, there was such a diversity of workers that the children (in order to be able to socialize together) unconsciously created a Creole that is still spoken widely in the State of Hawaii. Hawaiian Creole is a mixture of "loanwords" and phrases from over a dozen languages, including Hawaiian, Modern English, Japanese, Chinese, Filipino and Portuguese.

Debates on the study of language revealed its multi-dimensionality. Language has been studied biologically and cognitively, as an action of the vocal chords to create sounds with the use of the tongue. Languages function as organisms that survive over time through becoming a written language, or a spoken language that endures as a descendant of a proto-language. Spoken language can also dynamically transform by taking on the properties of other languages it is in contact with. The “Words of People: An Exhibit" on Language” features language as a multi-dimensional subject that covers the biological, historical and cultural aspects of human communication.

Works Cited

Austin, Alfred. The Tower of Babel, A Poetical Drama. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1874.

"Basque Language." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. New York: Macmillan, 1910.

Conradi, Edward. Psychology and Pathology of Speech Development of the Child. Volume 11. Pedagogical Seminary, September, 1904.

Department of Education. The National Symposium on Learning, Disabilities in English Language Learners. Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services, U.S. Department of Education, 2003.

"Edward Conradi." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

"The History of the Alphabet." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Hoernle, August Frederich Rudolf. A Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian Languages, With Special Reference to the Eastern Hindi, Accompanied by a Language-Map and a Table of Alphabets. London: Trubner and Co., 1880.

International Phonetic Association. The Principles of the International Phonetic Association. Paris: Association Phonétique Internationale, 1912.

"Language." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

"Letter Alphabet." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Muller K.M. Max. The Science of Language. Volume 1. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1899.

"Tower of Babel." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Language Collections

Learn more about the evolving nature of languages in these collections:

Top 100 books on Language

The Selected Poems of Rainer Maria Rilke (by Rilke, Rainer, Maria)
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (by Carroll, Lewis)
Northanger Abbey (by Austen, Jane)
Anthem (by Rand, Ayn)
The Elements of Style (by Strunk, William)
The Land That Time Forgot (by Burroughs, Edgar Rice)
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (by Unknown)
Dubliners (by Joyce, James)
Beowulf (by Gummere, Francis B.)
The Tale of Genji (by Murasaki Shikibu)
An Introduction to the Study of Language (by Bloomfield, Leonard, 1887-1949)
Anne of Green Gables (by Montgomery, Lucy Maud)
An Elementary Spanish Reader (by Louis Marie Auguste Loiseaux)
Around the World in Eighty Days (by Verne, Jules)
The Betrothed (by Alessandro Manzoni)

Top 100 books on Education

Tarzan of the Apes (by Burroughs, Edgar Rice)
Call of the Wild, The (by London, Jack)
History of Standard Oil: Volume 1, The (by Tarbell, Ida)
Moby Dick, or the Whale (by Melville, Herman)
Beowulf (by Gummere, Francis B.)
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (by Anonymous)
Symposium (by Plato)
Go Rin No Sho : A Book of Five Rings (by Musashi, Miyamoto)
Dracula (by Stoker, Bram)
Free Schools; A Documentary History of t... (by Finegan, Thomas Edward)
Riders of the Purple Sage (by Grey, Zane)
The Divine Comedy : Inferno (by Alighieri, Dante)
The Oresteia of Aeschylus (by Æschylus)
Some Thoughts Concerning Education (by Locke, John)
Iliad, The (by Homer)

Top 100 books on Children's Early Learning

Little Tot's Picture Book (by Sheila Thibodeau Lambrinos Collection - York Unive...)
The Purple Cow! (by Burgess, Galett)
The Ugly Duckling (by Andersen, Hans Christian)
The Green Fairy Book (by Andrew Lang, Henry Justice Ford)
Pollyanna (by Porter, Eleanor H.)
A Book of Discoveries (by Masefield, John)
Little Mary; Or, The Picture-Book
Three Blind Mice (by Ivimey, John William)
Aesop's Fables (by Aesop)
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (by Carroll, Lewis)
Ozma of Oz (by Baum, Lyman Frank)
The Green Fairy Book (by Lang, Andrew, Ed)
Complete Version of Ye Three Blind Mice (by Ivimey, John William)
Adventures of Goody Two Shoes (by Goldsmith, Oliver)
The Pied Piper of Hamelin .. (by Greenaway, Kate, 1846-1901, Ill)

Top 100 books on Literature and Fiction

Hunchback of Notre Dame, The (by Hugo, Victor)
The Sound and the Fury and as I Lay Dyin... (by William Faulkner)
The Secret Garden (by Burnett, Frances Hodgson)
Walden Or, Life in the Woods (by Thoreau, Henry David)
Black Beauty (by Sewell, Anna)
The Grapes of Wrath (by Steinbeck, John)
King Solomon's Mines (by Haggard, Henry Rider)
Woman in White, The (by Collins, Wilkie)
Last of the Mohicans : Issue 13 Volume Issue 13 (by Marvel Comics)
The Man Who Was Thursday (by Chesterton, Gilbert Keith)
Mrs. Dalloway (by Woolf, Virginia)
Thus Spoke Zarathustra (by Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm)
The Man in the Iron Mask (by Dumas, Pere Alexandre)
Les Misérables (by Hugo, Victor, 1802-1885)
Frankenstein (dramatic reading) (by Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft)

Top 100 books on Classic Children's Literature

Princess and the Goblin, The (by Macdonald, George)
White Fang (by London, Jack)
The Tale of Peter Rabbit (by Potter, Beatrix)
King Solomon's Mines (by Haggard, H. Rider)
Treasure Island (by Stevenson, Robert Louis)
The Red Badge of Courage
Bambi Vald Mayele (by Salten, Felix)
King Solomon's Mines (by Avon Comics)
The Tall Tales of Vishnu Sharma: Issue 1 Volume Issue 1 (by Virgin Comics)
The Red Badge of Courage (by Crane, Stephen)
Ragged Dick (by Alger, Horatio, Jr.)
Moonfleet (by Falkner, J. Meade)
Second Jungle Book, The (by Kipling, Rudyard)
Grimm's Fairy Tales (version 2) (by Grimm, Jacob & Wilhelm)
Three Musketeers, The (by Dumas, Alexandre)

Top books on Shakespeare

King John (by Shakespeare, William)
The Book of Love (by Wagstaff, Blanche Shoemaker)
Coriolanus (by Shakespeare, William)
The Merry Wives of Windsor (by Shakespeare, William)
Macbeth (by Shakespeare, William)
Timon of Athens (by Shakespeare, William)
William Shakespeares King Henry Iv, Part... (by Shakespeare, William)
Timon of Athens (by Shakespeare, William)
Two Noble Kinsmen (by Shakespeare)
The Sonnets of William Shakespeare (by Shakespeare, William)
Taming of the Shrew, The (by Shakespeare, William)
All's Well, That Ends Well (by Shakespeare, William)
Pericles, Prince of Tyre (by Shakespeare, William)
The History of Troilus and Cressida (by Shakespeare, William)
The Winter's Tale (by Shakespeare)

Top books on Contemporary Children's Literature

Cows Can't Fly : Preformed by Wally Amos (by David Milgrim)
The Greatest : Preformed by Wally Amos (by Kenny Rogers)
I'm A Caterpillar : Preformed by Wally A... (by Jean Marzollo)
Calabash Cat : Preformed by Wally Amos (by James Rumford)
The Lion and the Mouse : Preformed by Wa... (by Eric Carle)
Jump, Frog, Jump : Preformed by Wally Am... (by Robert Kalan)
How Rocket Learned to Read : Preformed b... (by Tad Hills)
Squashed in the Middle : Preformed by Wa... (by Elizabeth Winthrop)
The Rabbit and the Turtle : Preformed by... (by Eric Carle)
Zomo the Rabbit : A Trickster Tale from ... (by Gerald McDermott)
Koala Lou : Preformed by Wally Amos (by Mem Fox)
The Wolf and the Lamb : Preformed by Wal... (by Eric Carle)
Peter's Chair : Preformed by Wally Amos (by Ezra Jack Keats)
Click, Clack, Moo: Cows That Type : Pref... (by Doreen Cronin)
Where the Wild Things Are : Preformed by... (by Maurice Sendak)

Top 100 books on Hawaiiana

Kamehameha III : Kauikeaouli (by Jean Iwata Cachola)
Ulu Na Mea a Pau (by Kaulana Dameg)
He Wahi Mo'Olelo No Keauhou a Me Na Wahi... (by Kepa Maly)
The Hawaiian Language and Complete Gramm... (by Henry P. Judd)
Ku'U Tutu (by Dawn Kahalaomapuana)
Workmen's Compensation Act of the Territ... (by Hawaii)
Kumu'Ulu (by Keoni Kelekolio)
He Lumi Hou Ko Ka Hale (by William H. Wilson)
Unwritten Literature of Hawaii : the Sac... (by Emerson, Nathaniel Bright, 1839-1915)
Ma Uka, Ma Kai (by Eve Furchgott)
Hawaii Session Laws (by Hawaii)
Punia (by Lokahi Antonio)
Yankees in Paradise the New England Impa... (by Bradford Smith)
Kane'Ohe : Where I Live (by Julie Stewart Williams)
No Ka Wai O Ka Puna Hou (by Eve Furchgott)

Top books on Poetry

Poems by Currer, Ellis, And Acton Bell (... (by Bell, Acton)
Songs of Innocence and of Experience and... (by Blake, William)
The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shell... (by Percy Bysshe Shelley)
The Poems Of Robert Frost (by Frost, Robert.)
In Memoriam (by Tennyson, Alfred Lord)
A Masque of Poets : Including Guy Vernon... (by Emily Dickinson)
The Prelude Or, Growth of a Poets Mind (by Wordsworth, William)
Poetical Works : Volume 1 (by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow)
When I Was King: Poems (by Henry Lawson)
Stray Birds (by Sir Rabindranath Tagore)
The Negro Speaks of Rivers (by Hughes, Langston)
Collected Poems of John Keats : Volume 5... (by Keats, John)
Leaves of Grass (by Whitman, Walt)
Poems (by Owen, Wilfred)
The Raven (by Poe, Edgar Allan)

Yiddish Book Center

O Azoy Humoreskes, Stsenkes, Monologn (by Erlikh, H. (Haiman))
Der Finfyorplan Pyaileka (by Farbman, Michael)
Min Ponem Tsum Lebn Rayze-Ayndrukn (by Teitelboim, Dora)
Der Vayer Kuk Fun Alen Rov Ahisorishe Vu... (by Meza, Yehoshua)
Umesh in Mayelekh Far Kinder : Vol. 1 Volume Vol. 1 (by Spritzer, Victor)
Ri in der Nakh (by Rubin, Hadasa)
Oysgerisene Bleer (by Rapoport, O.)
Di Hilerisishe Poliik Fun Yidn-Farnikhun... Volume Vol. 2 (by Eisenbach, Artur)
Y. L. Perets Far der Shul Eynike Meodish... (by Iabrov, G)
Vort Un Klang Eseyen, Eseyen, Eseyekes, ... (by Yardeini, Mordecai)
Indyaner Zumer (by Rontsh, Yitshak Elhanan)
Dertseylungen (by Pinski, David)
Vovik Mayse-Lekh Fun a Bronzviler Hinele (by Chaver-Paver)
Geshikhe Fun der Frayland-Lige Un Funem ... Volume Vol. 2 (by Astour, Michael C)
Almanakh Yidishe Shrayber Fun Yerushelay... Volume Vol. 4